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hi everybody and welcome to washington

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dc we're here on the national mall to

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celebrate the big earth day celebration

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going on all weekend here on the mall my

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name is steve cole from nasa's office of

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communications and we have five earth

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scientists from nasa here to talk to you

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about how earth is changing how we see

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it from space and a lot of the new

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technology that we've been using to keep

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an eye on earth and how it's doing

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uh we're being broadcast on nasa tv

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online on ustream we're going to take

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questions from the audience after each

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speaker and also online uh through the

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chat at ustream so our moderator for

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today for all the talks is tom wagner

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from nasa headquarters tom thank you

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my name is tom wagner i'm the cryosphere

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program scientist at nasa headquarters

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which means i'm in charge of studying

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the ice and sea level rise and change at

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the earth's poles and what we've got for

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you today is we've got five about four

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of our top earth scientists are here to

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tell you about the status of the earth

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from space the kinds of latest

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scientific results that we're seeing

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about the earth to give us kind of a

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checkup and report and so what we're

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going to do is we're going to have the

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speakers come up and talk for about 10

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minutes and then we're going to take

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questions live from you guys here in the

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audience and also online so all you kids

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out there when you're listening to talk

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think of things that you want to ask

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them

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now our first speaker is going to tell

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us about the human fingerprint of what

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we see from space his name is dr pierre

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sellers and he's also a nasa astronaut

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hi everybody is this working

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okay so how's everybody doing

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good anyone here want to go into space

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yeah anyone see the shuttle when it was

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flying around washington

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yeah okay i actually rode that thing

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into orbit which is very nice nice ride

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you get tremendous view looking down the

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world

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and then you can jump out of your

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spaceship a little white spacesuit and

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look down

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and at night

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you can really tell that there are

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people down there and the way you can

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tell is because the earth kind of looks

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like this

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now this is made up of a whole lot of

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photos taken on the night side from

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satellites and you can really tell where

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the people are you can tell where seven

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billion people

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that's all of you lot including me where

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seven billion people are living and

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working and doing stuff

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and you can tell where they're doing it

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so if you look carefully you can see

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that

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really densely populated areas like the

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east coast

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and europe tons and tons of people lots

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of city lights

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all kinds of people and then big chunks

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of the world like the middle of the

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amazon basin which my friend is going to

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talk about in a minute

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deserts of africa

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and the middle of australia

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very lonely places

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now one thing here this is very helpful

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if you want to rent a house somewhere in

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the world

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the bits with lots of lights are really

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expensive

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this is just so you know you look here's

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new york

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london

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tokyo they're really bright and the

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rents are sky high

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and i've been up to this place here this

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is actually an in which settlement and

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one light bulb is bravely glowing there

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and i got a really cheap bed for the

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night

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good to know

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okay the other things that's really

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interesting to note

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yeah okay can you hear me in the back

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i'll wave my arms all right the other

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thing is that lots of people live around

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the coasts

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all around the world lots of people like

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to live around the coast that's where

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the cities are to do trade ship things

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in and out and all the rest of it and

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with sea level rise that could be a

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little bit of a problem so keep your eye

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on that

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other things that you can see from space

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this

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is a man-made island

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that is being built off dubai it's kind

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of tourist resort and all the rest of it

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some luxury homes and you can see this

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actually for out of your window from a

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space shuttle and they've been building

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it steadily and now this is what it

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looks like

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like a big palm tree

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quite amazing so people are actually

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changing the landscape that you can see

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with your naked eye from orbit

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the last thing i can show you here is

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uh some of the impacts that people have

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on the environment that are not so good

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this is mountain top mining in west

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virginia i think and what you can see is

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the technique here is you just shave off

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the top of the mountain to get at the

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coal

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and you can see what it does to the

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landscape over time

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makes quite a mess

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because the trees don't grow back very

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quickly the rain hits it and all this

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stuff washes off

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so you can see a lot from up there you

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can see what everybody's doing

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seven billion people now moving up to

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about nine and a half billion during my

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lifetime and then probably coming down

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slowly

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but all of them busy and all of them

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with the lights on

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anybody wants to know what it's like to

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fly in space

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very exciting let me tell you

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the launch really gets your attention

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okay

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yeah so now you've had this amazing

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career being a climate change scientist

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so when you were a kid like these guys

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back to school

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that made you go and study those hard

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subjects like math and physics and stuff

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like that to get to so you could do all

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this that's a really good question two

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things made me do it

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one was that when i was a little kid

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the americans which is where i am now

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the americans were preparing to land on

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the moon and i saw that all on my little

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black and white tv in london and i

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thought it was the best things in sliced

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bread this was the most exciting thing

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that ever happened and you know the

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space

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exploration is something of our lifetime

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it's something of our generation and i

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still find it exciting and the other

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thing was i had great teachers that got

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me really interested in how beautiful

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physics biology mathematics is you know

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after a while i really appreciate how

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beautiful it is and all the cool things

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you can do and all the really

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interesting jobs you can do all the

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scientists around here by the way

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they work all the time do you know why

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they work all the time because their

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jobs are really cool it's fun it's a lot

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of fun it beats the heck out of most

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jobs so i'd encourage all your kids if

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you want an interesting life where enjoy

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your work and do good

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science much better than latin which i

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found very very hard

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any questions from out here steve any

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questions from online

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hey one other one then can you tell us a

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little bit i mean since you've been in

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space and been over can you tell us a

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little about how an image like this is

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made i mean that one over there that's

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the whole planet but a satellite doesn't

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see the whole planet all at once does it

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no no it doesn't the satellite basically

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is like a lawn mower it goes around the

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world like this taking long thin stripes

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of data and then afterwards we use

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computers and uh people to sort of match

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up all these stripes of data we get rid

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of the clouds by coming back if it's

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cloudy one day we come back another day

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when it's not cloudy so what you're

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looking at is a carefully selected set

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of views

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cloud-free perfect viewing conditions

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takes about a year to build this up all

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stitched together and you can't see the

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lines in between because we do a very

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careful job of matching it up

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but this is made up of i think about you

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know dozens and dozens of different

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images

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yeah yeah somebody had a question yes

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sure we got a question right there the

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when's the next person going to space

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right

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where where well uh

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we think

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we hope

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that in about 20 years we're going to be

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sending people to mars to go around mars

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okay

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which would be very exciting because

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that's a long way away and mars is a

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planet that's really interesting

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i would i would like to go

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but probably a bit old

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lots of dust what's that lots of dust

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lots of dust lots of dust there yeah we

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need hey ryan is a question right

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i just want to know

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how long does it take from earth to uh

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mars

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right now

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we think it'd take about 200 days to get

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out there

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and uh if you just went to orbit around

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they probably spent about two months

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there then 200 days to get back if you

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wanted to land on there and run around

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it'd be 200 days out 500 days there

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200 back so it'd be best part of three

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so

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you have to bear that in mind

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all right one more question red shirt in

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the back

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can you elaborate on your comment

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earlier that uh expectation is that

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earth population will go up to eight or

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nine million and then or eight or nine

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billion and then start to come down at

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that point that that's what all the

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models and indication indications are

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telling us we're finding out that as

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more and more people are getting

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educated and literate then the families

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are getting smaller around the world and

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uh we've seen that all over the world so

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what just bounced through seven billion

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a three to four months ago

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and the models tell us that it looks

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like it's going to top out somewhere

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around about nine and a half billion and

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then gradually ramped down slowly

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which is better than the 12 billion that

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everyone thought it was going to be when

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i was a kid you know so

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less impact

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all right hey pierce thank you very much

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hey so our next speaker is dr compton

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tucker who's going to give us a checkup

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on the health of the world's forest and

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tell us how we study those from space

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and one of the amazing things is not

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only has he studied in the space he's

281
00:09:49,350 --> 00:09:47,760
also spent a lot of time walking around

282
00:09:50,710 --> 00:09:49,360
in the jungles themselves and he may

283
00:09:52,550 --> 00:09:50,720
tell us some of those stories jim take

284
00:09:53,990 --> 00:09:52,560
it away okay thanks tom

285
00:09:55,590 --> 00:09:54,000
one of the really cool things about

286
00:09:57,350 --> 00:09:55,600
working for nasa and using satellite

287
00:09:58,790 --> 00:09:57,360
data to study the earth is you have to

288
00:10:00,550 --> 00:09:58,800
do field work to understand what you're

289
00:10:02,310 --> 00:10:00,560
seeing you can't just look at things

290
00:10:04,389 --> 00:10:02,320
from a distance and say well we see this

291
00:10:06,710 --> 00:10:04,399
or we see that but you have to go there

292
00:10:09,509 --> 00:10:06,720
in person and do field work in control

293
00:10:11,430 --> 00:10:09,519
settings i study tropical forests and i

294
00:10:13,509 --> 00:10:11,440
use satellite data for that and on the

295
00:10:16,630 --> 00:10:13,519
left-hand side we see some strips of

296
00:10:18,150 --> 00:10:16,640
satellite data from from one day in the

297
00:10:21,269 --> 00:10:18,160
1970s

298
00:10:25,990 --> 00:10:21,279
here we have something from from 1984

299
00:10:28,710 --> 00:10:26,000
1992 2001 and 2010.

300
00:10:30,310 --> 00:10:28,720
this is about 500 miles from top to

301
00:10:32,630 --> 00:10:30,320
bottom for each of these strips and the

302
00:10:34,630 --> 00:10:32,640
bottom distance is about 110 miles or

303
00:10:36,790 --> 00:10:34,640
about the distance from washington dc to

304
00:10:39,110 --> 00:10:36,800
philadelphia so you can use satellite

305
00:10:41,829 --> 00:10:39,120
data to study for us now this is a false

306
00:10:43,190 --> 00:10:41,839
color image looking down if we were in

307
00:10:44,949 --> 00:10:43,200
space or we were in the space shuttle

308
00:10:47,509 --> 00:10:44,959
and looking down these areas that are

309
00:10:49,350 --> 00:10:47,519
bright red would look bright green but

310
00:10:51,430 --> 00:10:49,360
we use some wavelengths which our eyes

311
00:10:53,590 --> 00:10:51,440
can't see and we have to then represent

312
00:10:55,590 --> 00:10:53,600
those in colors so we would never see an

313
00:10:57,750 --> 00:10:55,600
image like this but all of these red

314
00:10:59,350 --> 00:10:57,760
areas are where we have tropical forests

315
00:11:01,430 --> 00:10:59,360
this is an area where i have worked

316
00:11:03,750 --> 00:11:01,440
extensively i've worked in this area

317
00:11:05,190 --> 00:11:03,760
which is close to santa cruz bolivia

318
00:11:07,590 --> 00:11:05,200
i've been all up through here i've spent

319
00:11:09,509 --> 00:11:07,600
a lot of time in a national park here

320
00:11:12,230 --> 00:11:09,519
and i've also worked up here on the

321
00:11:14,470 --> 00:11:12,240
border where every weekend or every

322
00:11:17,030 --> 00:11:14,480
other week we would go to get supplies

323
00:11:20,150 --> 00:11:17,040
and buy beer and do it on saturday

324
00:11:22,389 --> 00:11:20,160
because that was bingo night in a town

325
00:11:25,030 --> 00:11:22,399
called pimentetta in brazil

326
00:11:26,710 --> 00:11:25,040
and we always wanted to enter and would

327
00:11:28,470 --> 00:11:26,720
enter the bingo contest because the

328
00:11:30,550 --> 00:11:28,480
first prize we weren't interested in

329
00:11:32,470 --> 00:11:30,560
that was two frozen chickens but the

330
00:11:34,790 --> 00:11:32,480
second prize was a case

331
00:11:37,910 --> 00:11:34,800
of a brazilian beer called antarctica

332
00:11:40,230 --> 00:11:37,920
beer which you serve at about 33 degrees

333
00:11:42,710 --> 00:11:40,240
fahrenheit anyway so we always hope to

334
00:11:44,310 --> 00:11:42,720
win second prize uh if we won the first

335
00:11:45,910 --> 00:11:44,320
prize we would try and give it away

336
00:11:47,750 --> 00:11:45,920
because that was two frozen chickens

337
00:11:49,829 --> 00:11:47,760
anyway so in the 1970s when we had our

338
00:11:52,550 --> 00:11:49,839
first earth day there was almost no

339
00:11:54,069 --> 00:11:52,560
disturbance of all of these red colors

340
00:11:55,670 --> 00:11:54,079
and then you see more of these blue

341
00:11:57,269 --> 00:11:55,680
colors come in and these patterns and

342
00:11:59,750 --> 00:11:57,279
this is because there was tropical

343
00:12:01,590 --> 00:11:59,760
forest clearing into agriculture and

344
00:12:04,069 --> 00:12:01,600
ranches so here we have a little bit of

345
00:12:07,910 --> 00:12:04,079
clearing in brazil here we have more and

346
00:12:09,430 --> 00:12:07,920
now we have a lot in 2001 2010

347
00:12:11,829 --> 00:12:09,440
and then also on the southern end in

348
00:12:14,389 --> 00:12:11,839
bolivia there was almost no

349
00:12:15,910 --> 00:12:14,399
expansion of agriculture into this area

350
00:12:17,350 --> 00:12:15,920
and then we see it starts to expand

351
00:12:19,350 --> 00:12:17,360
there are a few roads there are some

352
00:12:21,670 --> 00:12:19,360
features here and once again this is the

353
00:12:24,550 --> 00:12:21,680
distance from washington dc to

354
00:12:25,990 --> 00:12:24,560
philadelphia about 110 nautical miles

355
00:12:28,389 --> 00:12:26,000
then there's more and then all of a

356
00:12:30,230 --> 00:12:28,399
sudden bang the whole area goes

357
00:12:31,829 --> 00:12:30,240
but this actually is a good area to have

358
00:12:34,550 --> 00:12:31,839
agricultural development because the

359
00:12:36,150 --> 00:12:34,560
soils in this area are very very good

360
00:12:39,110 --> 00:12:36,160
whereas in tropical forests because it

361
00:12:40,310 --> 00:12:39,120
rains so much you tend to have bad soils

362
00:12:42,470 --> 00:12:40,320
up in here

363
00:12:44,069 --> 00:12:42,480
and so most of this area

364
00:12:46,470 --> 00:12:44,079
is still in tropical forests it's a

365
00:12:48,389 --> 00:12:46,480
really cool place to go i've had several

366
00:12:50,710 --> 00:12:48,399
expeditions there

367
00:12:52,790 --> 00:12:50,720
and when you do work in tropical forests

368
00:12:55,350 --> 00:12:52,800
you try and cover up as much of your

369
00:12:57,910 --> 00:12:55,360
body as you can because like today you

370
00:13:00,470 --> 00:12:57,920
perspire and when you sweat you tend to

371
00:13:02,310 --> 00:13:00,480
attract bees and wasps because they want

372
00:13:04,389 --> 00:13:02,320
to get salt

373
00:13:06,470 --> 00:13:04,399
in your perspiration and

374
00:13:08,389 --> 00:13:06,480
you're sort of like a walking salt lip

375
00:13:10,150 --> 00:13:08,399
so every day you have to bathe in rivers

376
00:13:11,910 --> 00:13:10,160
and wash your clothes out

377
00:13:14,870 --> 00:13:11,920
and also wash yourself or else it's

378
00:13:16,550 --> 00:13:14,880
worse the saltier you are

379
00:13:19,110 --> 00:13:16,560
and what bees and wasps do they're

380
00:13:20,629 --> 00:13:19,120
social insects we all know about science

381
00:13:22,389 --> 00:13:20,639
science technology

382
00:13:23,350 --> 00:13:22,399
engineering and math and these are

383
00:13:25,269 --> 00:13:23,360
really

384
00:13:26,870 --> 00:13:25,279
uh excellent areas to study if you're

385
00:13:29,110 --> 00:13:26,880
interested in science and there are many

386
00:13:31,910 --> 00:13:29,120
cool things to do so the bees and wasps

387
00:13:33,990 --> 00:13:31,920
being social insects then communicate

388
00:13:35,990 --> 00:13:34,000
where you are where all this salt is and

389
00:13:37,990 --> 00:13:36,000
it's on you and your clothes so the

390
00:13:39,829 --> 00:13:38,000
first day you might have 10 bees or

391
00:13:41,670 --> 00:13:39,839
wasps the next day 100 the next day a

392
00:13:43,509 --> 00:13:41,680
thousand and then

393
00:13:45,590 --> 00:13:43,519
i'm not exaggerating in the morning when

394
00:13:47,110 --> 00:13:45,600
you wake up after several days at a camp

395
00:13:49,350 --> 00:13:47,120
in the amazon

396
00:13:52,389 --> 00:13:49,360
you can hear as soon as the sun comes up

397
00:13:55,030 --> 00:13:53,910
and it's the bees and wasps coming

398
00:13:57,509 --> 00:13:55,040
they're not trying to bite you but

399
00:13:58,790 --> 00:13:57,519
they're just after the salt

400
00:14:02,150 --> 00:13:58,800
okay so

401
00:14:05,030 --> 00:14:02,160
what i found and my co-workers is in

402
00:14:07,910 --> 00:14:05,040
tropical forests uh in the amazon about

403
00:14:10,870 --> 00:14:07,920
15 of the amazon has been deforested and

404
00:14:12,550 --> 00:14:10,880
about 80 or 85 percent still remains and

405
00:14:15,750 --> 00:14:12,560
that's important because tropical

406
00:14:17,590 --> 00:14:15,760
forests have the greatest biological

407
00:14:20,470 --> 00:14:17,600
diversity or the greatest number of

408
00:14:22,389 --> 00:14:20,480
plants animals and also microbes

409
00:14:24,790 --> 00:14:22,399
bacteria and viruses

410
00:14:26,389 --> 00:14:24,800
on one expedition in this area with one

411
00:14:28,150 --> 00:14:26,399
of my co-workers he came down with hana

412
00:14:30,310 --> 00:14:28,160
virus

413
00:14:32,629 --> 00:14:30,320
he was unconscious for two or three

414
00:14:34,069 --> 00:14:32,639
weeks but when he was unconscious he

415
00:14:35,990 --> 00:14:34,079
stopped smoking

416
00:14:38,949 --> 00:14:36,000
and then he recovered and he has he has

417
00:14:41,110 --> 00:14:38,959
no recollection of going through

418
00:14:42,710 --> 00:14:41,120
smokers withdrawal when you try and stop

419
00:14:44,870 --> 00:14:42,720
smoking that's the only good thing about

420
00:14:47,350 --> 00:14:44,880
that but it's unusual when bad things

421
00:14:49,590 --> 00:14:47,360
happen and

422
00:14:52,150 --> 00:14:49,600
so what these images show is how we are

423
00:14:54,790 --> 00:14:52,160
transforming tropical forests here in

424
00:14:56,629 --> 00:14:54,800
brazil here in bolivia

425
00:14:58,550 --> 00:14:56,639
going from when we had the first earth

426
00:14:59,990 --> 00:14:58,560
day in the 1970s

427
00:15:01,350 --> 00:15:00,000
all the way through to just two years

428
00:15:02,870 --> 00:15:01,360
ago

429
00:15:04,870 --> 00:15:02,880
there is a national park but you can

430
00:15:06,949 --> 00:15:04,880
visit right in here called knoll camp

431
00:15:09,430 --> 00:15:06,959
national park it's a really cool place

432
00:15:10,949 --> 00:15:09,440
i've been there 10 or 15 times there are

433
00:15:13,030 --> 00:15:10,959
very very few people who visited every

434
00:15:15,350 --> 00:15:13,040
year maybe four or five thousand it's a

435
00:15:18,389 --> 00:15:15,360
great place to see river otters to see

436
00:15:21,509 --> 00:15:18,399
jaguars to see monkeys to see wild pigs

437
00:15:23,269 --> 00:15:21,519
or peccaries and lots and lots of really

438
00:15:25,110 --> 00:15:23,279
cool and colorful birds

439
00:15:26,470 --> 00:15:25,120
so i'll stop there and the reason that i

440
00:15:28,790 --> 00:15:26,480
got into this

441
00:15:30,870 --> 00:15:28,800
was i was working in a bank after i got

442
00:15:32,389 --> 00:15:30,880
my bachelor's degree in biology

443
00:15:34,870 --> 00:15:32,399
and i didn't like that bank so i went to

444
00:15:37,430 --> 00:15:34,880
another bank that was also really boring

445
00:15:39,030 --> 00:15:37,440
and so then i said i banking is not for

446
00:15:40,790 --> 00:15:39,040
me i've got to go back to graduate

447
00:15:42,710 --> 00:15:40,800
school and so i did

448
00:15:45,110 --> 00:15:42,720
and then when i finished graduate school

449
00:15:47,350 --> 00:15:45,120
i came to nasa and i've been there ever

450
00:15:50,310 --> 00:15:47,360
since and it's really really cool work

451
00:15:51,509 --> 00:15:50,320
because of my background in science

452
00:15:53,509 --> 00:15:51,519
and math

453
00:15:54,790 --> 00:15:53,519
so i'll stop there and answer any

454
00:15:57,590 --> 00:15:54,800
questions from the audience anything

455
00:15:59,430 --> 00:15:57,600
about tropical forests dangerous animals

456
00:16:03,110 --> 00:15:59,440
bees or wasps i have a lot of first

457
00:16:06,829 --> 00:16:03,120
person singular experience yes

458
00:16:09,430 --> 00:16:06,839
how many animals would you say are

459
00:16:12,310 --> 00:16:09,440
endangered by how many types of species

460
00:16:13,990 --> 00:16:12,320
of animals are endangered would you well

461
00:16:15,509 --> 00:16:14,000
there are quite a few

462
00:16:17,430 --> 00:16:15,519
endangered animals and where they are

463
00:16:19,829 --> 00:16:17,440
endangered are where you have the

464
00:16:21,590 --> 00:16:19,839
destruction of habitat so even though i

465
00:16:24,230 --> 00:16:21,600
study tropical forests i'm very

466
00:16:25,990 --> 00:16:24,240
interested in identifying areas

467
00:16:27,430 --> 00:16:26,000
which

468
00:16:29,030 --> 00:16:27,440
where the forest is replaced with

469
00:16:31,110 --> 00:16:29,040
agricultural fields

470
00:16:33,189 --> 00:16:31,120
and then a biologist can use that

471
00:16:35,189 --> 00:16:33,199
information to see what animals there

472
00:16:37,189 --> 00:16:35,199
and plants are being endangered so

473
00:16:39,350 --> 00:16:37,199
that's a big part of what i do is give

474
00:16:40,949 --> 00:16:39,360
this information to people i work with

475
00:16:43,030 --> 00:16:40,959
who are biologists who study different

476
00:16:46,629 --> 00:16:43,040
types of animals perhaps butterflies

477
00:16:47,990 --> 00:16:46,639
perhaps jaguars or plants to tell where

478
00:16:51,829 --> 00:16:48,000
they should focus their studies and

479
00:16:56,629 --> 00:16:51,839
identify those animals at risk

480
00:17:02,389 --> 00:16:58,310
well

481
00:17:03,910 --> 00:17:02,399
see there aren't too many roads in this

482
00:17:05,029 --> 00:17:03,920
area there's one road that goes up like

483
00:17:07,510 --> 00:17:05,039
this

484
00:17:09,750 --> 00:17:07,520
and we have to do a lot of hiking we

485
00:17:11,909 --> 00:17:09,760
also sometimes on rivers go in boats

486
00:17:14,069 --> 00:17:11,919
that are called peki peki boats these

487
00:17:15,990 --> 00:17:14,079
are long dugout canoes with an

488
00:17:18,230 --> 00:17:16,000
industrial sort of lawnmower engine with

489
00:17:22,069 --> 00:17:18,240
a long propeller out the back and the

490
00:17:27,189 --> 00:17:24,549
and so you go down the rivers in boats

491
00:17:28,789 --> 00:17:27,199
like this uh because your first choice

492
00:17:31,029 --> 00:17:28,799
is to go on a road there aren't many

493
00:17:33,510 --> 00:17:31,039
roads so our next choice is by peki peki

494
00:17:35,669 --> 00:17:33,520
boats and the third choice you have to

495
00:17:37,669 --> 00:17:35,679
either make a trail and hike or find an

496
00:17:39,990 --> 00:17:37,679
existing trail and hike so if you like

497
00:17:41,350 --> 00:17:40,000
hiking if you like camping it's a great

498
00:17:43,270 --> 00:17:41,360
way to see some really really cool

499
00:17:44,310 --> 00:17:43,280
places and to encounter some really cool

500
00:17:45,590 --> 00:17:44,320
animals

501
00:17:56,390 --> 00:17:45,600
hey we got a couple of questions from

502
00:18:01,750 --> 00:17:58,630
well uh

503
00:18:03,830 --> 00:18:01,760
we use commercial satellite data where

504
00:18:05,990 --> 00:18:03,840
you can see people walking on the ground

505
00:18:07,510 --> 00:18:06,000
by the shadows they cast if you're

506
00:18:09,909 --> 00:18:07,520
looking straight down unless you were

507
00:18:11,590 --> 00:18:09,919
incredibly large like a hippopotamus you

508
00:18:13,350 --> 00:18:11,600
probably couldn't see you but you can

509
00:18:16,230 --> 00:18:13,360
see their shadow

510
00:18:18,870 --> 00:18:16,240
if the sun isn't directly overhead

511
00:18:20,789 --> 00:18:18,880
so yes by their shadows is the answer

512
00:18:23,430 --> 00:18:20,799
okay another different question about

513
00:18:26,390 --> 00:18:23,440
deforestation is nasa doing research in

514
00:18:28,230 --> 00:18:26,400
countries like india and china about

515
00:18:29,830 --> 00:18:28,240
deforestation

516
00:18:31,669 --> 00:18:29,840
yes we're doing research on the whole

517
00:18:33,830 --> 00:18:31,679
planet and this information is available

518
00:18:34,950 --> 00:18:33,840
to everyone there are no restrictions on

519
00:18:37,590 --> 00:18:34,960
our data

520
00:18:40,070 --> 00:18:37,600
uh and anyone can get them and so some

521
00:18:43,190 --> 00:18:40,080
of my co-workers are studying

522
00:18:45,750 --> 00:18:43,200
forests in china forests in india

523
00:18:46,870 --> 00:18:45,760
although i primarily work on tropical

524
00:18:48,950 --> 00:18:46,880
forests

525
00:18:51,430 --> 00:18:48,960
in south america and the amazon basin

526
00:18:53,029 --> 00:18:51,440
and also in equatorial africa and

527
00:18:56,070 --> 00:18:53,039
madagascar

528
00:18:57,990 --> 00:18:56,080
but the answer to that is yes

529
00:19:00,150 --> 00:18:58,000
hey jim a question for you you've also

530
00:19:01,909 --> 00:19:00,160
worked on things like diseases and how

531
00:19:03,350 --> 00:19:01,919
we can actually use satellite data like

532
00:19:04,630 --> 00:19:03,360
this to figure out where disease would

533
00:19:05,430 --> 00:19:04,640
go could you tell us a little bit about

534
00:19:07,029 --> 00:19:05,440
that

535
00:19:09,510 --> 00:19:07,039
sure one of the cool things about using

536
00:19:12,230 --> 00:19:09,520
satellite data is you have these every

537
00:19:13,990 --> 00:19:12,240
day for the entire planet day after day

538
00:19:15,909 --> 00:19:14,000
and now we have satellite data for

539
00:19:17,110 --> 00:19:15,919
almost 31 years

540
00:19:19,110 --> 00:19:17,120
and

541
00:19:20,950 --> 00:19:19,120
by looking at certain conditions for

542
00:19:23,669 --> 00:19:20,960
some diseases that are climatically or

543
00:19:26,070 --> 00:19:23,679
ecologically coupled you can then

544
00:19:27,669 --> 00:19:26,080
correlate and associate those data and

545
00:19:30,549 --> 00:19:27,679
how they vary in time with disease

546
00:19:33,510 --> 00:19:30,559
outbreaks so some co-workers of mine and

547
00:19:36,230 --> 00:19:33,520
i started in 1985 working on a disease

548
00:19:38,470 --> 00:19:36,240
called rift valley fever it's from

549
00:19:40,549 --> 00:19:38,480
as the name uh suggests from the rift

550
00:19:43,190 --> 00:19:40,559
valley of africa it's a hemorrhagic

551
00:19:45,510 --> 00:19:43,200
fever transmitted by mosquitoes and it

552
00:19:47,669 --> 00:19:45,520
occurs in where you have arid and

553
00:19:50,070 --> 00:19:47,679
semi-arid vegetation and the satellite

554
00:19:53,270 --> 00:19:50,080
data show when it's rained and how

555
00:19:55,029 --> 00:19:53,280
persistent the rainfall is and if that

556
00:19:57,510 --> 00:19:55,039
persists for more than eight weeks

557
00:19:59,350 --> 00:19:57,520
that's an excellent suggestion where you

558
00:20:00,870 --> 00:19:59,360
will have rift valley fever outbreaks

559
00:20:02,710 --> 00:20:00,880
we'll publish numerous papers on the

560
00:20:05,270 --> 00:20:02,720
biology and on using these data for riff

561
00:20:07,830 --> 00:20:05,280
valley fever and we can do this with an

562
00:20:09,510 --> 00:20:07,840
accuracy of about 60 percent

563
00:20:11,350 --> 00:20:09,520
two months in advance of the outbreak

564
00:20:13,110 --> 00:20:11,360
which then enables control measures to

565
00:20:14,390 --> 00:20:13,120
be implemented and this is one of the

566
00:20:16,470 --> 00:20:14,400
major things that i've worked on that

567
00:20:18,230 --> 00:20:16,480
i'm really really proud of but it's only

568
00:20:20,070 --> 00:20:18,240
because we approached this

569
00:20:22,870 --> 00:20:20,080
in a systematic way and had satellite

570
00:20:24,950 --> 00:20:22,880
data for 30 years now and so today we're

571
00:20:26,549 --> 00:20:24,960
processing data from yesterday

572
00:20:30,630 --> 00:20:26,559
and we have more information and are

573
00:20:34,549 --> 00:20:33,029
hey so one other one too when you were

574
00:20:36,950 --> 00:20:34,559
kind of in on the ground floor of this

575
00:20:38,549 --> 00:20:36,960
stuff back in the 70s and 80s

576
00:20:39,990 --> 00:20:38,559
what was it like when you first started

577
00:20:42,230 --> 00:20:40,000
out i mean did people believe that you

578
00:20:43,590 --> 00:20:42,240
were able to be able to map forests from

579
00:20:45,110 --> 00:20:43,600
space and even do these kind of

580
00:20:47,270 --> 00:20:45,120
high-tech things you're doing now like

581
00:20:48,549 --> 00:20:47,280
figure out where your disease might go

582
00:20:50,390 --> 00:20:48,559
uh

583
00:20:51,750 --> 00:20:50,400
the simple answer is no i had a lot of

584
00:20:53,669 --> 00:20:51,760
people who told me what you're doing is

585
00:20:55,029 --> 00:20:53,679
really stupid

586
00:20:56,549 --> 00:20:55,039
it won't work i don't know why you're

587
00:20:58,789 --> 00:20:56,559
trying to use satellites this hasn't

588
00:20:59,430 --> 00:20:58,799
been done before you shouldn't even try

589
00:21:00,950 --> 00:20:59,440
it

590
00:21:02,710 --> 00:21:00,960
so

591
00:21:04,470 --> 00:21:02,720
i didn't believe them i thought they

592
00:21:06,789 --> 00:21:04,480
were crazy and i said let's at least

593
00:21:09,669 --> 00:21:06,799
look and see let's experiment because i

594
00:21:10,870 --> 00:21:09,679
really like problems and experimentation

595
00:21:13,590 --> 00:21:10,880
and so

596
00:21:15,029 --> 00:21:13,600
we started some programs we had no idea

597
00:21:17,110 --> 00:21:15,039
if they would work or not

598
00:21:19,190 --> 00:21:17,120
they have turned out to be wildly

599
00:21:21,909 --> 00:21:19,200
successful and now one of them is the

600
00:21:24,230 --> 00:21:21,919
most commonly used technique to study

601
00:21:25,750 --> 00:21:24,240
vegetation from space and

602
00:21:26,950 --> 00:21:25,760
it's where you use data from weather

603
00:21:29,029 --> 00:21:26,960
satellites

604
00:21:32,149 --> 00:21:29,039
day after day after day and so now we

605
00:21:34,070 --> 00:21:32,159
have almost 31 years of data

606
00:21:36,310 --> 00:21:34,080
which we summarize into data every two

607
00:21:38,630 --> 00:21:36,320
weeks and this is extremely useful but

608
00:21:41,110 --> 00:21:38,640
the simple answer is several people told

609
00:21:43,430 --> 00:21:41,120
me we were stupid to do this it wouldn't

610
00:21:44,870 --> 00:21:43,440
work and besides why do you want to do

611
00:21:46,549 --> 00:21:44,880
this from space when you can go out

612
00:21:48,310 --> 00:21:46,559
places and do it on the ground well

613
00:21:50,470 --> 00:21:48,320
these images show there are no roads

614
00:21:52,390 --> 00:21:50,480
here and in some places you have to do

615
00:21:53,990 --> 00:21:52,400
things from space it's also a good way

616
00:21:55,590 --> 00:21:54,000
to check on other countries and see what

617
00:21:57,190 --> 00:21:55,600
they're doing see if they're complying

618
00:22:00,230 --> 00:21:57,200
with treaty requirements

619
00:22:02,630 --> 00:22:00,240
so as john mccain said we need to see if

620
00:22:05,029 --> 00:22:02,640
some countries are cheating

621
00:22:09,830 --> 00:22:05,039
hey we got another question from online

622
00:22:15,430 --> 00:22:12,149
well i've also published papers on that

623
00:22:16,390 --> 00:22:15,440
and i got into a bit of a battle royale

624
00:22:19,110 --> 00:22:16,400
with some people in the pacific

625
00:22:20,870 --> 00:22:19,120
northwest 20 years ago

626
00:22:23,190 --> 00:22:20,880
so in the pacific northwest where you

627
00:22:24,149 --> 00:22:23,200
have these late successional coniferous

628
00:22:26,230 --> 00:22:24,159
forests

629
00:22:27,990 --> 00:22:26,240
from from from northern california up

630
00:22:30,310 --> 00:22:28,000
through oregon and washington then they

631
00:22:32,310 --> 00:22:30,320
continue into british columbia

632
00:22:33,909 --> 00:22:32,320
there only about 10

633
00:22:35,350 --> 00:22:33,919
of the original old growth forests

634
00:22:37,990 --> 00:22:35,360
remain almost all of those are in

635
00:22:40,630 --> 00:22:38,000
national parks or national forests and

636
00:22:41,590 --> 00:22:40,640
it's also an area where you have a lot

637
00:22:45,350 --> 00:22:41,600
of

638
00:22:46,470 --> 00:22:45,360
where it's

639
00:22:49,430 --> 00:22:46,480
wet

640
00:22:51,750 --> 00:22:49,440
warm and flat and so that's a very good

641
00:22:53,110 --> 00:22:51,760
place to have tree farms and they're in

642
00:22:55,110 --> 00:22:53,120
a rotation where you grow a forest

643
00:22:57,669 --> 00:22:55,120
perhaps for 50 or 60 years then it's

644
00:22:59,110 --> 00:22:57,679
harvested and then they replant so that

645
00:23:01,270 --> 00:22:59,120
is a very good

646
00:23:03,510 --> 00:23:01,280
type of forestry because you have trees

647
00:23:05,430 --> 00:23:03,520
which replace what you cut down and all

648
00:23:06,789 --> 00:23:05,440
the time as that as trees grow they

649
00:23:08,630 --> 00:23:06,799
absorb carbon dioxide from the

650
00:23:11,350 --> 00:23:08,640
atmosphere incorporated into wood so

651
00:23:13,350 --> 00:23:11,360
it's a major carbon sink

652
00:23:14,470 --> 00:23:13,360
hey one last one jim so we've got all oh

653
00:23:15,909 --> 00:23:14,480
i see a question right there in the

654
00:23:18,470 --> 00:23:15,919
front

655
00:23:20,630 --> 00:23:18,480
how long do you have to stay there

656
00:23:22,390 --> 00:23:20,640
well sometimes you get stuck places and

657
00:23:24,710 --> 00:23:22,400
you have to stay a long time one time we

658
00:23:26,630 --> 00:23:24,720
had to stay someplace for about a month

659
00:23:30,310 --> 00:23:26,640
but usually it's maybe three or four

660
00:23:31,510 --> 00:23:30,320
weeks and believe me by the time on

661
00:23:33,909 --> 00:23:31,520
as you get towards the end of your

662
00:23:36,310 --> 00:23:33,919
expedition in tropical forest you're

663
00:23:38,710 --> 00:23:36,320
really happy to leave but sometimes it

664
00:23:40,710 --> 00:23:38,720
may take five or six days to get out and

665
00:23:43,590 --> 00:23:40,720
some of the places i've worked in this

666
00:23:45,750 --> 00:23:43,600
area what you do there are

667
00:23:48,390 --> 00:23:45,760
abandoned airstrips when there were drug

668
00:23:50,390 --> 00:23:48,400
labs in the area now our drug

669
00:23:52,789 --> 00:23:50,400
enforcement administration has

670
00:23:54,470 --> 00:23:52,799
driven all the drug labs out of these

671
00:23:56,149 --> 00:23:54,480
areas because they would have a drug lab

672
00:23:57,669 --> 00:23:56,159
in tropical forests and you wouldn't

673
00:23:58,870 --> 00:23:57,679
want to go there when the narco people

674
00:24:00,630 --> 00:23:58,880
were there because they're very very

675
00:24:03,350 --> 00:24:00,640
ruthless but anyway they would have a

676
00:24:06,149 --> 00:24:03,360
landing strip to fly the refined cocaine

677
00:24:08,070 --> 00:24:06,159
out and so we would have planes fly us

678
00:24:10,070 --> 00:24:08,080
in after our drug enforcement

679
00:24:12,149 --> 00:24:10,080
administration ran them all off

680
00:24:14,149 --> 00:24:12,159
fly into their airstrips drop us off and

681
00:24:15,590 --> 00:24:14,159
then say okay

682
00:24:16,789 --> 00:24:15,600
we're going to come back in three weeks

683
00:24:18,549 --> 00:24:16,799
and then we would do field work by

684
00:24:20,149 --> 00:24:18,559
hiking from around there if there was

685
00:24:21,590 --> 00:24:20,159
bad weather one time we had to stay an

686
00:24:23,909 --> 00:24:21,600
extra week

687
00:24:25,510 --> 00:24:23,919
so it all depends on where you are or

688
00:24:27,110 --> 00:24:25,520
sometimes you could be someplace and the

689
00:24:28,710 --> 00:24:27,120
rainy season will start and the rivers

690
00:24:30,149 --> 00:24:28,720
will come up and you have to wait for

691
00:24:32,310 --> 00:24:30,159
the rivers to go down so you can get in

692
00:24:34,070 --> 00:24:32,320
your pacquiao boat and leave so it all

693
00:24:37,350 --> 00:24:34,080
depends but usually

694
00:24:39,190 --> 00:24:37,360
anywhere from two to four weeks

695
00:24:41,029 --> 00:24:39,200
all right hey thank you very much jim

696
00:24:48,710 --> 00:24:41,039
that was really great i'll introduce our

697
00:24:52,630 --> 00:24:51,190
hey our next speaker is dr chris schuman

698
00:24:54,549 --> 00:24:52,640
who's chris has spent a lot of time in

699
00:24:56,149 --> 00:24:54,559
the earth's polar region studying them

700
00:24:57,590 --> 00:24:56,159
being out on the ground with a shovel

701
00:24:59,750 --> 00:24:57,600
and digging pits all the way through to

702
00:25:01,029 --> 00:24:59,760
using data from space to understand them

703
00:25:03,350 --> 00:25:01,039
and he's going to tell us what's going

704
00:25:04,789 --> 00:25:03,360
on at the top of the planet chris thanks

705
00:25:07,190 --> 00:25:04,799
tom

706
00:25:10,870 --> 00:25:07,200
my name is chris shuman my first trip to

707
00:25:12,830 --> 00:25:10,880
the polls began in greenland in 1992 as

708
00:25:14,390 --> 00:25:12,840
a postdoc for penn state

709
00:25:17,029 --> 00:25:14,400
university

710
00:25:18,310 --> 00:25:17,039
there i was working at the gisp2 deep

711
00:25:19,269 --> 00:25:18,320
core site

712
00:25:21,750 --> 00:25:19,279
kind of

713
00:25:24,549 --> 00:25:21,760
the ultimate climate data record this is

714
00:25:26,310 --> 00:25:24,559
an ice core through the entire center of

715
00:25:28,470 --> 00:25:26,320
the greenland ice sheet

716
00:25:30,549 --> 00:25:28,480
going down almost

717
00:25:32,549 --> 00:25:30,559
more than three thousand meters going

718
00:25:34,070 --> 00:25:32,559
back in time more than a hundred

719
00:25:36,230 --> 00:25:34,080
thousand years

720
00:25:37,350 --> 00:25:36,240
and you can tell that by looking at the

721
00:25:39,830 --> 00:25:37,360
record

722
00:25:41,510 --> 00:25:39,840
in the layers of snow and ice that are

723
00:25:43,830 --> 00:25:41,520
preserved in the ice sheet

724
00:25:46,789 --> 00:25:43,840
my job was to try to calibrate the

725
00:25:49,590 --> 00:25:46,799
thermometer from the ice core

726
00:25:50,710 --> 00:25:49,600
to the modern observational record

727
00:25:52,789 --> 00:25:50,720
now

728
00:25:55,190 --> 00:25:52,799
when i was there in 1992 the first

729
00:25:57,750 --> 00:25:55,200
automatic weather station was only put

730
00:26:01,029 --> 00:25:57,760
up in 1987 so we only had about five

731
00:26:03,830 --> 00:26:01,039
years of overlap with a modern record

732
00:26:06,630 --> 00:26:03,840
so what i did was i went back in time

733
00:26:10,549 --> 00:26:06,640
using a series of satellites beginning

734
00:26:13,590 --> 00:26:10,559
with uh the nimbus series a nasa sensor

735
00:26:16,549 --> 00:26:13,600
called smmr the scanning multi-channel

736
00:26:19,430 --> 00:26:16,559
microwave radiometer that provides a

737
00:26:23,269 --> 00:26:19,440
proxy for temperature through time

738
00:26:25,110 --> 00:26:23,279
that begins in about in late 1978

739
00:26:27,430 --> 00:26:25,120
and has continued through a whole series

740
00:26:29,590 --> 00:26:27,440
of satellites all the way through today

741
00:26:30,950 --> 00:26:29,600
with another sensor that nasa is flying

742
00:26:33,750 --> 00:26:30,960
called amster

743
00:26:36,789 --> 00:26:33,760
that has enabled us to measure very

744
00:26:39,110 --> 00:26:36,799
consistently certain aspects of the

745
00:26:41,990 --> 00:26:39,120
arctic and the antarctic

746
00:26:44,710 --> 00:26:42,000
including the sea ice cover the frozen

747
00:26:48,710 --> 00:26:44,720
sea surface of the arctic ocean you see

748
00:26:50,070 --> 00:26:48,720
that here illustrated by the 2011 sea

749
00:26:52,710 --> 00:26:50,080
ice minimum

750
00:26:55,269 --> 00:26:52,720
that's from microwave data being

751
00:26:57,430 --> 00:26:55,279
gathered multiple times per day each

752
00:26:59,430 --> 00:26:57,440
time the satellite goes around it's

753
00:27:02,070 --> 00:26:59,440
really amazing the satellites actually

754
00:27:04,470 --> 00:27:02,080
go around the whole earth in about 97

755
00:27:07,110 --> 00:27:04,480
minutes that's a pretty typical time

756
00:27:09,750 --> 00:27:07,120
that's real fast so

757
00:27:12,789 --> 00:27:09,760
basically the white area shows the

758
00:27:15,990 --> 00:27:12,799
september sea ice cover compared to the

759
00:27:19,830 --> 00:27:16,000
long-term median sea ice cover going

760
00:27:20,789 --> 00:27:19,840
back over that 1978 through today time

761
00:27:23,110 --> 00:27:20,799
period

762
00:27:25,350 --> 00:27:23,120
and that's one of the ways that we know

763
00:27:28,149 --> 00:27:25,360
how the arctic is changing and we can

764
00:27:30,149 --> 00:27:28,159
see that both from the sea ice minimum

765
00:27:32,710 --> 00:27:30,159
over time it looks a little bit like

766
00:27:35,909 --> 00:27:32,720
this plot over here this climate data

767
00:27:37,510 --> 00:27:35,919
record this is actually the decline in

768
00:27:40,630 --> 00:27:37,520
multi-year ice

769
00:27:43,110 --> 00:27:40,640
ice that forms in one year and lasts

770
00:27:45,909 --> 00:27:43,120
through multiple years it doesn't melt

771
00:27:49,110 --> 00:27:45,919
away when the sun comes up in the arctic

772
00:27:52,549 --> 00:27:49,120
when the ci starts to retreat back

773
00:27:54,789 --> 00:27:52,559
so basically it's our eyes in the sky

774
00:27:58,070 --> 00:27:54,799
starting in the 70s that have enabled us

775
00:28:00,710 --> 00:27:58,080
to start assembling these time series

776
00:28:02,950 --> 00:28:00,720
that illustrate the changes that the

777
00:28:04,149 --> 00:28:02,960
whole earth is going through especially

778
00:28:06,710 --> 00:28:04,159
the arctic

779
00:28:08,070 --> 00:28:06,720
i'm just one research scientist at nasa

780
00:28:09,990 --> 00:28:08,080
there's a whole bunch of us that are

781
00:28:13,269 --> 00:28:10,000
working on the cryosphere

782
00:28:14,789 --> 00:28:13,279
the arctic and the antarctic a bunch of

783
00:28:17,510 --> 00:28:14,799
our folks right now are flying on

784
00:28:19,750 --> 00:28:17,520
aircraft missions out of iceland

785
00:28:21,909 --> 00:28:19,760
and uh thule air force base in

786
00:28:24,230 --> 00:28:21,919
northwestern greenland they're gathering

787
00:28:26,149 --> 00:28:24,240
additional data to complement the

788
00:28:27,430 --> 00:28:26,159
pictures that we're gathering from the

789
00:28:28,310 --> 00:28:27,440
satellites

790
00:28:29,990 --> 00:28:28,320
okay

791
00:28:32,149 --> 00:28:30,000
so that's one of the ways that we're

792
00:28:34,470 --> 00:28:32,159
trying to put the whole story together

793
00:28:37,669 --> 00:28:34,480
of how the ice is changing

794
00:28:38,549 --> 00:28:37,679
now being a glaciologist it means i've

795
00:28:39,350 --> 00:28:38,559
seen

796
00:28:44,070 --> 00:28:39,360
the

797
00:28:45,350 --> 00:28:44,080
ice cover those of you that have been to

798
00:28:48,230 --> 00:28:45,360
central park

799
00:28:50,630 --> 00:28:48,240
there's bedrock that's polished there so

800
00:28:53,029 --> 00:28:50,640
18 000 years ago the ice was much

801
00:28:55,110 --> 00:28:53,039
farther south pushing up long island

802
00:28:57,110 --> 00:28:55,120
carving out the finger lakes making the

803
00:28:59,909 --> 00:28:57,120
great lakes wider and deeper

804
00:29:02,549 --> 00:28:59,919
and that's part of the story of change

805
00:29:05,430 --> 00:29:02,559
what we're seeing though is accelerated

806
00:29:08,149 --> 00:29:05,440
change in recent decades where sea ice

807
00:29:10,230 --> 00:29:08,159
cover has really started to fall off

808
00:29:12,870 --> 00:29:10,240
both in area

809
00:29:15,350 --> 00:29:12,880
and in thickness the multi-year ice

810
00:29:18,310 --> 00:29:15,360
tends to be thicker and since the big

811
00:29:21,110 --> 00:29:18,320
sea ice minimum in 2007

812
00:29:23,510 --> 00:29:21,120
we've actually seen a a substantial

813
00:29:25,909 --> 00:29:23,520
decrease in the overall thickness my

814
00:29:27,909 --> 00:29:25,919
colleague sinead farrell has got some

815
00:29:31,029 --> 00:29:27,919
papers out that really show the changes

816
00:29:34,950 --> 00:29:31,039
in thickness over time using the icesat

817
00:29:37,190 --> 00:29:34,960
time series 2003 through 2009.

818
00:29:39,430 --> 00:29:37,200
we're actually going forward to launch a

819
00:29:41,909 --> 00:29:39,440
new version of icesat

820
00:29:45,029 --> 00:29:41,919
by 2017 that'll try to continue those

821
00:29:47,830 --> 00:29:45,039
measurements the aircraft missions

822
00:29:50,230 --> 00:29:47,840
operation icebridge flying out of thule

823
00:29:52,149 --> 00:29:50,240
flying out of iceland are hoping to

824
00:29:54,549 --> 00:29:52,159
continue some of those measurements

825
00:29:57,029 --> 00:29:54,559
until the next satellite goes up

826
00:29:59,190 --> 00:29:57,039
what is happening though is as more and

827
00:30:01,029 --> 00:29:59,200
more of the arctic ocean is becoming

828
00:30:04,389 --> 00:30:01,039
exposed the sea ice cover is

829
00:30:07,590 --> 00:30:04,399
disappearing the albedo changes and that

830
00:30:10,470 --> 00:30:07,600
water dark water absorbs more of the

831
00:30:11,750 --> 00:30:10,480
solar energy during the arctic summer

832
00:30:14,070 --> 00:30:11,760
and that

833
00:30:15,830 --> 00:30:14,080
ocean water is warming

834
00:30:17,669 --> 00:30:15,840
and that's

835
00:30:19,669 --> 00:30:17,679
that's contributing to the overall

836
00:30:22,310 --> 00:30:19,679
decrease in area and thickness of the

837
00:30:26,070 --> 00:30:22,320
sea ice cover it's also contributing in

838
00:30:28,549 --> 00:30:26,080
part to the retreat of some of the major

839
00:30:30,710 --> 00:30:28,559
outlet glaciers around greenland where

840
00:30:33,669 --> 00:30:30,720
that warm water can creep up underneath

841
00:30:35,190 --> 00:30:33,679
the ice the floating ice

842
00:30:38,070 --> 00:30:35,200
starts to break up

843
00:30:40,230 --> 00:30:38,080
turns into icebergs and drifts down the

844
00:30:42,549 --> 00:30:40,240
fjord and so what we're seeing is not

845
00:30:45,350 --> 00:30:42,559
just a retreat of the ice front but

846
00:30:47,830 --> 00:30:45,360
we're seeing an acceleration of the ice

847
00:30:49,350 --> 00:30:47,840
out of the interior of the ice sheet out

848
00:30:51,990 --> 00:30:49,360
into the ocean

849
00:30:54,310 --> 00:30:52,000
that's causing the thickness to drop

850
00:30:57,190 --> 00:30:54,320
measurements from icesat have also shown

851
00:30:58,950 --> 00:30:57,200
that the elevation of the surface of the

852
00:31:01,830 --> 00:30:58,960
greenland ice sheet is decreasing

853
00:31:03,590 --> 00:31:01,840
substantially in the past decade or so

854
00:31:05,669 --> 00:31:03,600
so these are the kinds of stories that

855
00:31:08,149 --> 00:31:05,679
we're trying to get out to everybody

856
00:31:10,149 --> 00:31:08,159
because the more ice that moves from the

857
00:31:12,549 --> 00:31:10,159
interior of the ice sheets

858
00:31:14,870 --> 00:31:12,559
antarctica where i do most of my work

859
00:31:17,269 --> 00:31:14,880
the antarctic peninsula we see big

860
00:31:19,029 --> 00:31:17,279
glacial changes like this as well the

861
00:31:22,310 --> 00:31:19,039
one of the glaciers that i studied down

862
00:31:25,110 --> 00:31:22,320
there has lost about 600 feet of

863
00:31:27,990 --> 00:31:25,120
elevation in a decade after its nearby

864
00:31:30,070 --> 00:31:28,000
ice shelf the larsen bee collapsed

865
00:31:32,710 --> 00:31:30,080
these are really very substantial

866
00:31:34,549 --> 00:31:32,720
changes and we're seeing them through

867
00:31:37,110 --> 00:31:34,559
our own eyes when we can get on the

868
00:31:39,110 --> 00:31:37,120
ground we're seeing them from space when

869
00:31:41,190 --> 00:31:39,120
the satellites go overhead and we're

870
00:31:43,509 --> 00:31:41,200
seeing them from aircraft missions and

871
00:31:45,909 --> 00:31:43,519
that's the kind of science that nasa

872
00:31:48,230 --> 00:31:45,919
does that we hope will excite you and

873
00:31:51,190 --> 00:31:48,240
turn you into scientists down the road

874
00:31:56,950 --> 00:31:51,200
helping us continue this story

875
00:32:01,350 --> 00:31:59,190
chris you talked about greenland can you

876
00:32:02,870 --> 00:32:01,360
tell us you know greenland's this big

877
00:32:03,990 --> 00:32:02,880
island it's covered with ice can you

878
00:32:05,830 --> 00:32:04,000
tell us a little bit about it i mean

879
00:32:07,750 --> 00:32:05,840
like i don't think we have a good how

880
00:32:09,350 --> 00:32:07,760
thick is that ice how does it behave

881
00:32:10,470 --> 00:32:09,360
what's the connection between that and

882
00:32:11,830 --> 00:32:10,480
sea level

883
00:32:15,110 --> 00:32:11,840
basically

884
00:32:17,269 --> 00:32:15,120
greenland has about three kilometers

885
00:32:19,350 --> 00:32:17,279
three thousand meters of ice

886
00:32:21,509 --> 00:32:19,360
ten thousand feet or so

887
00:32:23,190 --> 00:32:21,519
a couple of miles a couple of miles

888
00:32:26,149 --> 00:32:23,200
of stored in

889
00:32:28,710 --> 00:32:26,159
on top of the island the bedrock beneath

890
00:32:30,870 --> 00:32:28,720
the the ice cover greenland's 80 some

891
00:32:31,750 --> 00:32:30,880
percent covered in ice

892
00:32:34,950 --> 00:32:31,760
and

893
00:32:36,149 --> 00:32:34,960
as that ice moves it flows out towards

894
00:32:38,950 --> 00:32:36,159
the ocean

895
00:32:41,029 --> 00:32:38,960
the ice that's stored on the land is

896
00:32:43,029 --> 00:32:41,039
melting around the margins and it's

897
00:32:45,190 --> 00:32:43,039
flowing into the ocean from these big

898
00:32:48,230 --> 00:32:45,200
outlet glaciers and that's causing sea

899
00:32:50,389 --> 00:32:48,240
level to rise over time as that stored

900
00:32:52,630 --> 00:32:50,399
water from the ice sheet

901
00:32:54,310 --> 00:32:52,640
is transferred out into the global ocean

902
00:32:55,990 --> 00:32:54,320
but how does that ice flow i mean i

903
00:32:58,070 --> 00:32:56,000
picture ice as like ice cubes from my

904
00:33:00,230 --> 00:32:58,080
refrigerator which are kind of brittle

905
00:33:03,110 --> 00:33:00,240
how does that ice flow like that it's a

906
00:33:05,269 --> 00:33:03,120
wonderful bit of physics actually

907
00:33:08,230 --> 00:33:05,279
it depends on what the temperature of

908
00:33:11,029 --> 00:33:08,240
the ice is but basically the grains of

909
00:33:12,549 --> 00:33:11,039
ice can slide past each other just under

910
00:33:15,509 --> 00:33:12,559
the pressure

911
00:33:18,789 --> 00:33:15,519
of the overlying ice at the gist2 site

912
00:33:22,070 --> 00:33:18,799
where i was was started in glaciology

913
00:33:24,470 --> 00:33:22,080
that three kilometers of ice basically

914
00:33:25,909 --> 00:33:24,480
makes the layers really thin down at the

915
00:33:28,149 --> 00:33:25,919
bottom in part because they're

916
00:33:29,590 --> 00:33:28,159
stretching out and they're being forced

917
00:33:32,549 --> 00:33:29,600
to move away from the center of the

918
00:33:34,070 --> 00:33:32,559
island towards the margins of greenland

919
00:33:36,950 --> 00:33:34,080
and out to sea hey we got a question

920
00:33:39,029 --> 00:33:36,960
from online steve

921
00:33:41,029 --> 00:33:39,039
uh question about sea level

922
00:33:43,029 --> 00:33:41,039
due to the decrease in ice cover over

923
00:33:45,990 --> 00:33:43,039
the poles what regions of the earth are

924
00:33:47,509 --> 00:33:46,000
already now under water

925
00:33:48,789 --> 00:33:47,519
well um

926
00:33:50,549 --> 00:33:48,799
i i

927
00:33:52,149 --> 00:33:50,559
have always wondered how i got into

928
00:33:54,149 --> 00:33:52,159
glaciology when there were these

929
00:33:56,710 --> 00:33:54,159
marvelous careers in carbonate

930
00:33:58,389 --> 00:33:56,720
sedimentology in the bahamas

931
00:34:00,310 --> 00:33:58,399
you know as an earth scientist you know

932
00:34:02,149 --> 00:34:00,320
you think about that and you go

933
00:34:04,870 --> 00:34:02,159
how did i make the choice to wear a

934
00:34:07,269 --> 00:34:04,880
parka and not shower for two months you

935
00:34:08,629 --> 00:34:07,279
know i mean it's really not a logical

936
00:34:11,430 --> 00:34:08,639
choice when you get right down to it

937
00:34:14,069 --> 00:34:11,440
when you could be swimming in the ocean

938
00:34:14,950 --> 00:34:14,079
every day at your research site

939
00:34:17,430 --> 00:34:14,960
okay

940
00:34:20,389 --> 00:34:17,440
uh so some of the the

941
00:34:23,190 --> 00:34:20,399
smaller islands around the world

942
00:34:25,270 --> 00:34:23,200
i i know the bahamas are one place that

943
00:34:27,990 --> 00:34:25,280
we're concerned about sea level rise but

944
00:34:29,750 --> 00:34:28,000
basically it's all the places that piers

945
00:34:32,550 --> 00:34:29,760
showed where the populations are the

946
00:34:35,270 --> 00:34:32,560
whole uh heavily dense the densely

947
00:34:37,909 --> 00:34:35,280
populated coastlines of the world are

948
00:34:38,869 --> 00:34:37,919
places where sea level rise is beginning

949
00:34:41,669 --> 00:34:38,879
to be

950
00:34:45,669 --> 00:34:41,679
measured and really impact insurance

951
00:34:50,869 --> 00:34:48,069
what kind of cycles have you seen where

952
00:34:52,950 --> 00:34:50,879
new ice is being made and ice is melting

953
00:34:53,990 --> 00:34:52,960
back

954
00:34:55,990 --> 00:34:54,000
well

955
00:34:58,550 --> 00:34:56,000
i've worked in both greenland and

956
00:35:00,790 --> 00:34:58,560
antarctica seven times to greenland six

957
00:35:03,990 --> 00:35:00,800
times to antarctica the

958
00:35:06,630 --> 00:35:04,000
dry high interior of antarctica for

959
00:35:08,710 --> 00:35:06,640
example has very little accumulation

960
00:35:12,550 --> 00:35:08,720
it's a polar desert but it is

961
00:35:14,390 --> 00:35:12,560
accumulating a little bit every year

962
00:35:16,710 --> 00:35:14,400
averaged over accumulating snow

963
00:35:19,349 --> 00:35:16,720
accumulating snow that's right

964
00:35:22,470 --> 00:35:19,359
and so up in the high interior you might

965
00:35:23,829 --> 00:35:22,480
get a centimeter or two it's so dry

966
00:35:27,589 --> 00:35:23,839
that your breath

967
00:35:30,069 --> 00:35:27,599
turns into uh ice crystals because it's

968
00:35:32,310 --> 00:35:30,079
just it's just that easy for them to

969
00:35:33,670 --> 00:35:32,320
form at these low temperatures and

970
00:35:35,910 --> 00:35:33,680
that's the kind of crystals which

971
00:35:38,550 --> 00:35:35,920
accumulate over time they're they're

972
00:35:40,550 --> 00:35:38,560
basically called uh

973
00:35:42,790 --> 00:35:40,560
sometimes horfrost

974
00:35:44,710 --> 00:35:42,800
but they're very very fine crystals but

975
00:35:47,190 --> 00:35:44,720
they build up and what that's what

976
00:35:49,829 --> 00:35:47,200
enables the ice to become so thick in

977
00:35:52,790 --> 00:35:49,839
east antarctica the highest part of the

978
00:35:54,550 --> 00:35:52,800
big polar ice sheets around the margins

979
00:35:56,310 --> 00:35:54,560
in the antarctic peninsula where i'm

980
00:35:58,230 --> 00:35:56,320
doing some of the work it's still

981
00:36:00,630 --> 00:35:58,240
accumulating up in the high part of the

982
00:36:02,790 --> 00:36:00,640
peninsula but because the ocean waters

983
00:36:05,030 --> 00:36:02,800
are so warm nearby

984
00:36:07,990 --> 00:36:05,040
where the glaciers flow down to the

985
00:36:10,630 --> 00:36:08,000
water they really are disintegrating

986
00:36:14,630 --> 00:36:10,640
because of all that warmth being

987
00:36:21,510 --> 00:36:14,640
transferred in into that into that ice

988
00:36:25,270 --> 00:36:23,270
how long do we have to restate the

989
00:36:27,109 --> 00:36:25,280
question can can you restate that just a

990
00:36:28,470 --> 00:36:27,119
little bit could you

991
00:36:30,710 --> 00:36:28,480
give us some information about the

992
00:36:32,150 --> 00:36:30,720
feedback loop and

993
00:36:34,470 --> 00:36:32,160
whether or not you think we've reached a

994
00:36:37,030 --> 00:36:34,480
tipping point i think sinead's work

995
00:36:39,430 --> 00:36:37,040
actually speaks speaks very well to that

996
00:36:42,310 --> 00:36:39,440
point where she shows in the arctic sea

997
00:36:45,109 --> 00:36:42,320
ice cover over the arctic ocean that the

998
00:36:47,990 --> 00:36:45,119
thickness change has accelerated

999
00:36:50,390 --> 00:36:48,000
dramatically since 2007 where the arctic

1000
00:36:53,510 --> 00:36:50,400
ocean may be warm enough now that the

1001
00:36:55,829 --> 00:36:53,520
thicker ice is is really thinning much

1002
00:36:59,190 --> 00:36:55,839
faster all of a sudden so

1003
00:37:01,670 --> 00:36:59,200
i'm i'm not sure that it's that it that

1004
00:37:04,630 --> 00:37:01,680
we can't that the the arctic climate

1005
00:37:07,030 --> 00:37:04,640
system can't recover but i do know that

1006
00:37:09,190 --> 00:37:07,040
the change has accelerated not just in

1007
00:37:11,349 --> 00:37:09,200
the past decade or so but in the even

1008
00:37:13,109 --> 00:37:11,359
the past few years

1009
00:37:14,950 --> 00:37:13,119
another question from online

1010
00:37:17,430 --> 00:37:14,960
yeah here's a question from you stream

1011
00:37:18,630 --> 00:37:17,440
how will the melting ice affect ocean

1012
00:37:20,390 --> 00:37:18,640
currents

1013
00:37:23,109 --> 00:37:20,400
well that's actually one of the really

1014
00:37:25,829 --> 00:37:23,119
cool things about the arctic is because

1015
00:37:28,710 --> 00:37:25,839
the formation of sea ice

1016
00:37:32,150 --> 00:37:28,720
basically the air temperatures are so

1017
00:37:33,589 --> 00:37:32,160
cold that the sea surface itself freezes

1018
00:37:34,710 --> 00:37:33,599
solid

1019
00:37:37,109 --> 00:37:34,720
you've probably been to the beach you

1020
00:37:38,870 --> 00:37:37,119
think to yourself no way how could the

1021
00:37:40,950 --> 00:37:38,880
how could an ocean

1022
00:37:42,790 --> 00:37:40,960
freeze solid well it happens and it

1023
00:37:45,910 --> 00:37:42,800
happens really rapidly

1024
00:37:51,349 --> 00:37:45,920
and in doing that it actually

1025
00:37:54,150 --> 00:37:51,359
lets loose this cold briny um byproduct

1026
00:37:55,030 --> 00:37:54,160
where the frozen surface

1027
00:37:56,550 --> 00:37:55,040
it

1028
00:38:00,069 --> 00:37:56,560
basically

1029
00:38:03,030 --> 00:38:00,079
forces off cold salty water that falls

1030
00:38:06,630 --> 00:38:03,040
to deep down and actually drives some of

1031
00:38:09,670 --> 00:38:06,640
the global ocean conveyor belt that cold

1032
00:38:11,990 --> 00:38:09,680
water flows very deep and moves south

1033
00:38:15,349 --> 00:38:12,000
forcing warmer water to flow up from the

1034
00:38:18,870 --> 00:38:15,359
equators to replace it so sea ice is a

1035
00:38:21,109 --> 00:38:18,880
very important part of what balances the

1036
00:38:24,310 --> 00:38:21,119
temperatures around the world

1037
00:38:26,550 --> 00:38:24,320
so we actually saw some indications of

1038
00:38:29,430 --> 00:38:26,560
how important that process is in the

1039
00:38:31,910 --> 00:38:29,440
gist ii ice core record where we saw the

1040
00:38:34,710 --> 00:38:31,920
sudden climate shifts that probably had

1041
00:38:35,750 --> 00:38:34,720
to do with shifts in how sea ice was

1042
00:38:39,190 --> 00:38:35,760
forming

1043
00:38:40,470 --> 00:38:39,200
and they were really uh well i

1044
00:38:42,310 --> 00:38:40,480
i could talk

1045
00:38:44,870 --> 00:38:42,320
at at greater length on just the ice

1046
00:38:47,510 --> 00:38:44,880
core itself but it's one of the ways

1047
00:38:50,230 --> 00:38:47,520
that we actually look back in time

1048
00:38:52,390 --> 00:38:50,240
not just from ground observations but

1049
00:38:55,030 --> 00:38:52,400
from and aircraft observations and

1050
00:38:56,150 --> 00:38:55,040
satellite observations but by going back

1051
00:38:58,870 --> 00:38:56,160
through the layers which have

1052
00:39:00,710 --> 00:38:58,880
accumulated in these big ice sheets

1053
00:39:02,310 --> 00:39:00,720
hey chris one last one can you tell us

1054
00:39:03,750 --> 00:39:02,320
about the different ways that we study

1055
00:39:05,349 --> 00:39:03,760
ice from space you talked a little about

1056
00:39:07,270 --> 00:39:05,359
how we look at microwaves that come off

1057
00:39:08,069 --> 00:39:07,280
the ground but are there other things we

1058
00:39:15,589 --> 00:39:08,079
have

1059
00:39:18,310 --> 00:39:15,599
uh the infrared temperatures of the ice

1060
00:39:20,150 --> 00:39:18,320
sheet surface here's greenland basically

1061
00:39:23,030 --> 00:39:20,160
the infrared signals which are coming

1062
00:39:25,030 --> 00:39:23,040
back to the to the satellite give us an

1063
00:39:26,230 --> 00:39:25,040
indication of the surface temperature of

1064
00:39:29,990 --> 00:39:26,240
the ice sheet

1065
00:39:33,109 --> 00:39:30,000
uh we can actually uh uh look at the

1066
00:39:34,870 --> 00:39:33,119
elevation changes over time by icesat

1067
00:39:36,710 --> 00:39:34,880
which was a laser altimeter which

1068
00:39:39,430 --> 00:39:36,720
measures the surface

1069
00:39:41,109 --> 00:39:39,440
relative to the satellite and we go back

1070
00:39:42,870 --> 00:39:41,119
and we measure that again months later

1071
00:39:44,630 --> 00:39:42,880
but how does that work you say laser

1072
00:39:47,109 --> 00:39:44,640
altimeter what does it actually do it

1073
00:39:49,510 --> 00:39:47,119
actually shoots out a pulse of laser

1074
00:39:52,069 --> 00:39:49,520
energy and by knowing the speed of light

1075
00:39:53,270 --> 00:39:52,079
and where the satellite was on orbit

1076
00:39:55,270 --> 00:39:53,280
and knowing

1077
00:39:57,190 --> 00:39:55,280
how long it took for that pulse of laser

1078
00:39:59,349 --> 00:39:57,200
light to get down to the ice sheet and

1079
00:40:03,349 --> 00:39:59,359
back up to the satellite we determined

1080
00:40:06,230 --> 00:40:03,359
the range to the satellite from when it

1081
00:40:08,630 --> 00:40:06,240
sent out the pulse to when it came back

1082
00:40:11,270 --> 00:40:08,640
so there's a distance and by knowing

1083
00:40:13,109 --> 00:40:11,280
where the satellite is in orbit when we

1084
00:40:15,349 --> 00:40:13,119
took those measurements we actually

1085
00:40:19,430 --> 00:40:15,359
determine the elevation of the spot on

1086
00:40:20,950 --> 00:40:19,440
the ground and so icesat-1 measured 40

1087
00:40:23,990 --> 00:40:20,960
times a second

1088
00:40:25,270 --> 00:40:24,000
about every 172 meters along each orbit

1089
00:40:27,349 --> 00:40:25,280
track

1090
00:40:28,150 --> 00:40:27,359
97 minutes it comes around measures

1091
00:40:29,910 --> 00:40:28,160
again

1092
00:40:33,190 --> 00:40:29,920
and you build up those measurements over

1093
00:40:35,990 --> 00:40:33,200
time and you see the elevation changes

1094
00:40:38,550 --> 00:40:36,000
big changes in the yakum soven glacier

1095
00:40:40,309 --> 00:40:38,560
drainage basin big changes in the coast

1096
00:40:43,510 --> 00:40:40,319
of west antarctica and pine island

1097
00:40:45,430 --> 00:40:43,520
glacier thwaites glacier big changes in

1098
00:40:47,990 --> 00:40:45,440
the area in the antarctic peninsula

1099
00:40:50,550 --> 00:40:48,000
which i was studying of hundreds and

1100
00:40:52,150 --> 00:40:50,560
hundreds of feet in a decade

1101
00:40:53,990 --> 00:40:52,160
by building up those altimetry

1102
00:40:55,030 --> 00:40:54,000
measurements over time great hey thank

1103
00:41:00,309 --> 00:40:55,040
you very much chris you really

1104
00:41:04,870 --> 00:41:02,870
our next speaker

1105
00:41:06,710 --> 00:41:04,880
is ernie hilsen wrath from goddard space

1106
00:41:09,670 --> 00:41:06,720
flight center ernie's had an amazing

1107
00:41:11,030 --> 00:41:09,680
storied 40-year career at nasa and he's

1108
00:41:12,470 --> 00:41:11,040
going to tell us about one of the best

1109
00:41:15,750 --> 00:41:12,480
earth science stories of all because it

1110
00:41:17,589 --> 00:41:15,760
has a happy ending the ozone hall ernie

1111
00:41:19,430 --> 00:41:17,599
thanks a lot tom

1112
00:41:21,109 --> 00:41:19,440
i wanted to share with you my experience

1113
00:41:23,349 --> 00:41:21,119
in working with nasa first i gotta ask

1114
00:41:24,870 --> 00:41:23,359
the question can all of you hear me is

1115
00:41:26,470 --> 00:41:24,880
it louder

1116
00:41:28,870 --> 00:41:26,480
okay i'll try to speak up although this

1117
00:41:31,430 --> 00:41:28,880
microphone i guess is for our web

1118
00:41:32,950 --> 00:41:31,440
audience only and not for the

1119
00:41:35,510 --> 00:41:32,960
not for you people here so i'll try to

1120
00:41:37,510 --> 00:41:35,520
speak up as well as i can and if you

1121
00:41:39,349 --> 00:41:37,520
can't hear me please remind me by just

1122
00:41:41,190 --> 00:41:39,359
doing this

1123
00:41:42,870 --> 00:41:41,200
okay i'll try to speak up

1124
00:41:46,790 --> 00:41:42,880
i joined nasa

1125
00:41:47,990 --> 00:41:46,800
in 1960s after being inspired by

1126
00:41:49,510 --> 00:41:48,000
a couple of things something called

1127
00:41:51,750 --> 00:41:49,520
sputnik i don't know if any of you

1128
00:41:54,630 --> 00:41:51,760
remember sputnik when the russians put a

1129
00:41:56,069 --> 00:41:54,640
satellite into orbit i said gee we

1130
00:41:57,190 --> 00:41:56,079
i have to do something i want to play a

1131
00:41:59,670 --> 00:41:57,200
role in this

1132
00:42:01,589 --> 00:41:59,680
then of course john kennedy's uh famous

1133
00:42:02,950 --> 00:42:01,599
speech about going to the moon so i

1134
00:42:05,829 --> 00:42:02,960
joined nasa

1135
00:42:07,270 --> 00:42:05,839
and what i wanted to do was study

1136
00:42:08,950 --> 00:42:07,280
astrophysics

1137
00:42:12,550 --> 00:42:08,960
i wanted to study the evolution and the

1138
00:42:14,710 --> 00:42:12,560
formation of stars and and and galaxies

1139
00:42:15,589 --> 00:42:14,720
but as it turns out when i joined the

1140
00:42:16,950 --> 00:42:15,599
group

1141
00:42:18,309 --> 00:42:16,960
i really wasn't going to look at the

1142
00:42:20,390 --> 00:42:18,319
stars in the galaxies i was going to

1143
00:42:22,550 --> 00:42:20,400
look back at the earth

1144
00:42:24,230 --> 00:42:22,560
and i was working on some of the early

1145
00:42:26,390 --> 00:42:24,240
weather satellites nasa was just

1146
00:42:28,950 --> 00:42:26,400
beginning to develop capabilities to

1147
00:42:31,270 --> 00:42:28,960
study the earth's weather

1148
00:42:33,510 --> 00:42:31,280
using its global perspective from space

1149
00:42:34,870 --> 00:42:33,520
to understand uh how the atmosphere

1150
00:42:36,630 --> 00:42:34,880
works and

1151
00:42:38,870 --> 00:42:36,640
and it could be if those data could be

1152
00:42:40,870 --> 00:42:38,880
used to improve our weather forecast and

1153
00:42:42,950 --> 00:42:40,880
we've come a long way in doing weather

1154
00:42:45,270 --> 00:42:42,960
forecasting using satellite data but

1155
00:42:47,750 --> 00:42:45,280
what i'm going to talk to you about is

1156
00:42:50,710 --> 00:42:47,760
by the way it says the whole story nasa

1157
00:42:52,309 --> 00:42:50,720
knows knows how to spell

1158
00:42:54,230 --> 00:42:52,319
that word means two things we're talking

1159
00:42:56,150 --> 00:42:54,240
about the complete story this although

1160
00:42:58,069 --> 00:42:56,160
you can't tell the complete story but

1161
00:43:00,150 --> 00:42:58,079
also the antarctic ozone hole some of

1162
00:43:01,670 --> 00:43:00,160
you may be familiar with this

1163
00:43:03,750 --> 00:43:01,680
um

1164
00:43:04,870 --> 00:43:03,760
if you take a good look at these these

1165
00:43:07,030 --> 00:43:04,880
images here it's really pretty

1166
00:43:08,870 --> 00:43:07,040
spectacular when you think about it in a

1167
00:43:11,030 --> 00:43:08,880
perspective how long it took to this

1168
00:43:12,550 --> 00:43:11,040
data the first image

1169
00:43:13,270 --> 00:43:12,560
of the globe

1170
00:43:15,510 --> 00:43:13,280
the

1171
00:43:18,150 --> 00:43:15,520
earth's atmospheric ozone occurred back

1172
00:43:20,950 --> 00:43:18,160
in the 1970s with one of these early

1173
00:43:22,790 --> 00:43:20,960
weather satellites and at that time

1174
00:43:24,790 --> 00:43:22,800
we were studying ozone not because of it

1175
00:43:26,230 --> 00:43:24,800
was an environmental concern

1176
00:43:28,630 --> 00:43:26,240
but because it was a scientific

1177
00:43:30,309 --> 00:43:28,640
curiosity and also it was a tracer in

1178
00:43:32,309 --> 00:43:30,319
the atmosphere we could use it maybe to

1179
00:43:34,230 --> 00:43:32,319
improve the weather forecast so that was

1180
00:43:37,030 --> 00:43:34,240
in the early 70s

1181
00:43:39,349 --> 00:43:37,040
in the late 70s and 1980s we continued

1182
00:43:41,190 --> 00:43:39,359
with these satellite data and began it

1183
00:43:42,550 --> 00:43:41,200
was discovered that something's really

1184
00:43:44,150 --> 00:43:42,560
peculiar was happening over the

1185
00:43:45,190 --> 00:43:44,160
antarctic

1186
00:43:48,710 --> 00:43:45,200
um

1187
00:43:51,030 --> 00:43:48,720
so at first we knew that the ozone layer

1188
00:43:52,710 --> 00:43:51,040
was in jeopardy it was in trouble

1189
00:43:56,630 --> 00:43:52,720
because the chemist in the laboratory

1190
00:43:58,309 --> 00:43:56,640
realized that gases from aerosol cans

1191
00:43:59,829 --> 00:43:58,319
and refrigerators

1192
00:44:02,870 --> 00:43:59,839
once they get into the atmosphere could

1193
00:44:04,470 --> 00:44:02,880
become activated and destroy ozone

1194
00:44:05,589 --> 00:44:04,480
it was a clear

1195
00:44:07,990 --> 00:44:05,599
clearly a

1196
00:44:09,190 --> 00:44:08,000
proven phenomena that would destroy

1197
00:44:12,069 --> 00:44:09,200
ozone but the appearance of the

1198
00:44:14,550 --> 00:44:12,079
antarctic ozone hole got the worldwide

1199
00:44:16,150 --> 00:44:14,560
attention that something needs needs to

1200
00:44:18,470 --> 00:44:16,160
be done

1201
00:44:20,309 --> 00:44:18,480
what we have here is the pictures of

1202
00:44:22,069 --> 00:44:20,319
global ozone focused on the antarctic

1203
00:44:23,589 --> 00:44:22,079
this white spot here doesn't mean

1204
00:44:25,190 --> 00:44:23,599
there's a part of the whole it means

1205
00:44:26,390 --> 00:44:25,200
that the satellite didn't cover this

1206
00:44:31,510 --> 00:44:26,400
particular

1207
00:44:34,390 --> 00:44:31,520
october 1970 goes through october's all

1208
00:44:35,829 --> 00:44:34,400
the way through october and 2011.

1209
00:44:38,230 --> 00:44:35,839
and you can see there was a sudden

1210
00:44:41,190 --> 00:44:38,240
increase in the depletion of ozone the

1211
00:44:43,750 --> 00:44:41,200
colors here mean this means high ozone

1212
00:44:46,630 --> 00:44:43,760
this means low ozone so this hole in the

1213
00:44:49,190 --> 00:44:46,640
ozone layer covers the entire antarctic

1214
00:44:51,349 --> 00:44:49,200
region it only lasts for a couple of

1215
00:44:54,150 --> 00:44:51,359
months and then it closes up

1216
00:44:56,630 --> 00:44:54,160
so uh once the world

1217
00:44:58,790 --> 00:44:56,640
the the the scientists the policy makers

1218
00:45:01,030 --> 00:44:58,800
the industrial community realized that

1219
00:45:02,069 --> 00:45:01,040
there was a problem they put a plan into

1220
00:45:03,349 --> 00:45:02,079
effect

1221
00:45:05,510 --> 00:45:03,359
and how this should be done and

1222
00:45:06,710 --> 00:45:05,520
implemented that was to ban through an

1223
00:45:07,829 --> 00:45:06,720
international

1224
00:45:09,589 --> 00:45:07,839
agreement

1225
00:45:12,069 --> 00:45:09,599
amongst all the countries in the world

1226
00:45:13,510 --> 00:45:12,079
to ban chlorofluorocarbons this was the

1227
00:45:16,150 --> 00:45:13,520
gas that's an aerosol used to be in

1228
00:45:17,829 --> 00:45:16,160
aerosol cans and used as a refrigerant

1229
00:45:18,790 --> 00:45:17,839
to ban them completely

1230
00:45:21,190 --> 00:45:18,800
because

1231
00:45:22,790 --> 00:45:21,200
this hole could have spread as a matter

1232
00:45:23,910 --> 00:45:22,800
of fact some people have done studies

1233
00:45:25,829 --> 00:45:23,920
now

1234
00:45:27,910 --> 00:45:25,839
where if this banning of these

1235
00:45:28,950 --> 00:45:27,920
chlorofluorocarbons hadn't taken into

1236
00:45:31,349 --> 00:45:28,960
place

1237
00:45:32,390 --> 00:45:31,359
the whole would not have

1238
00:45:33,910 --> 00:45:32,400
recovered

1239
00:45:35,829 --> 00:45:33,920
ozone would have remained depleted the

1240
00:45:38,150 --> 00:45:35,839
antarctic ozone hole would have been a

1241
00:45:39,510 --> 00:45:38,160
persistent feature and the ozone layer

1242
00:45:41,589 --> 00:45:39,520
in the upper atmosphere would have been

1243
00:45:43,510 --> 00:45:41,599
twice as low as it is now

1244
00:45:45,430 --> 00:45:43,520
and would cause twice as much uv

1245
00:45:46,390 --> 00:45:45,440
radiation reaching the earth's surface

1246
00:45:47,990 --> 00:45:46,400
causing

1247
00:45:51,030 --> 00:45:48,000
unprecedented amounts of

1248
00:45:53,349 --> 00:45:51,040
problems with diseases plant production

1249
00:45:55,030 --> 00:45:53,359
cancer was one of the big concerns about

1250
00:45:56,150 --> 00:45:55,040
extra ultraviolet radiation getting down

1251
00:45:57,190 --> 00:45:56,160
to the ground

1252
00:45:59,510 --> 00:45:57,200
so

1253
00:46:03,190 --> 00:45:59,520
this is an environmental success that

1254
00:46:04,390 --> 00:46:03,200
we're able to recognize a global problem

1255
00:46:07,190 --> 00:46:04,400
and

1256
00:46:09,030 --> 00:46:07,200
get rally the world's community to come

1257
00:46:10,790 --> 00:46:09,040
up with some legislation regulating and

1258
00:46:12,950 --> 00:46:10,800
come up with a substitute we don't miss

1259
00:46:15,510 --> 00:46:12,960
refrigeration we still have our cans but

1260
00:46:17,349 --> 00:46:15,520
we found a reasonable substitute for

1261
00:46:19,109 --> 00:46:17,359
freons or chlorofluorocarbons which

1262
00:46:20,390 --> 00:46:19,119
destroyed the ozone layer the ozone

1263
00:46:22,470 --> 00:46:20,400
layer is not going to really recover to

1264
00:46:24,710 --> 00:46:22,480
normal values until

1265
00:46:27,430 --> 00:46:24,720
2060. so we'll continue seeing these

1266
00:46:29,270 --> 00:46:27,440
holes but it's not getting any deep any

1267
00:46:31,829 --> 00:46:29,280
deeper and it looks like it's slowly

1268
00:46:34,550 --> 00:46:31,839
recovering but it'll be 2060 before

1269
00:46:36,630 --> 00:46:34,560
there's a real recovery

1270
00:46:39,430 --> 00:46:36,640
a lot of people ask me uh they get

1271
00:46:41,190 --> 00:46:39,440
confused about climate change the ozone

1272
00:46:42,790 --> 00:46:41,200
hole and want to understand what the

1273
00:46:44,790 --> 00:46:42,800
connection is

1274
00:46:47,270 --> 00:46:44,800
and it's a very difficult

1275
00:46:48,790 --> 00:46:47,280
uh topic to discuss it's just being

1276
00:46:50,470 --> 00:46:48,800
uncovered now

1277
00:46:52,309 --> 00:46:50,480
both ozone

1278
00:46:54,470 --> 00:46:52,319
which is protecting us from ultraviolet

1279
00:46:56,550 --> 00:46:54,480
radiation from the sun carbon dioxide

1280
00:46:58,630 --> 00:46:56,560
which is a greenhouse gas they work very

1281
00:47:00,870 --> 00:46:58,640
different ways in the atmosphere

1282
00:47:03,109 --> 00:47:00,880
but they're very important any changes

1283
00:47:04,630 --> 00:47:03,119
in their quantity that's outside of the

1284
00:47:07,670 --> 00:47:04,640
normal range will have effect on one or

1285
00:47:09,510 --> 00:47:07,680
the other as it turns out climate change

1286
00:47:10,870 --> 00:47:09,520
may slow down

1287
00:47:13,430 --> 00:47:10,880
the recovery

1288
00:47:15,430 --> 00:47:13,440
of atmospheric ozone so the it looks

1289
00:47:17,589 --> 00:47:15,440
like that it won't work the atmospheric

1290
00:47:20,549 --> 00:47:17,599
ozone won't recover quite as fast if

1291
00:47:22,870 --> 00:47:20,559
climate change occurs as predicted ozone

1292
00:47:25,589 --> 00:47:22,880
itself is a greenhouse gas

1293
00:47:27,589 --> 00:47:25,599
and because of the way ozone behaves in

1294
00:47:29,910 --> 00:47:27,599
the atmosphere it changes the weather's

1295
00:47:31,270 --> 00:47:29,920
patterns in the in the upper atmosphere

1296
00:47:33,349 --> 00:47:31,280
which could have an influence on how

1297
00:47:34,390 --> 00:47:33,359
climate change occurs so there's an

1298
00:47:37,589 --> 00:47:34,400
indirect

1299
00:47:39,589 --> 00:47:37,599
uh connection between ozone change

1300
00:47:41,510 --> 00:47:39,599
climate change and ozone depletion and

1301
00:47:43,829 --> 00:47:41,520
how it recovers but it's it's a problem

1302
00:47:46,150 --> 00:47:43,839
that's being being dealt with at the

1303
00:47:47,270 --> 00:47:46,160
present time

1304
00:47:50,230 --> 00:47:47,280
um

1305
00:47:52,470 --> 00:47:50,240
let's see so we continue to monitor

1306
00:47:54,950 --> 00:47:52,480
ozone nasa is committed to continuing it

1307
00:47:57,990 --> 00:47:54,960
these actually these measurements here

1308
00:47:59,829 --> 00:47:58,000
go from 1970 to 2011 that's 40 years of

1309
00:48:02,549 --> 00:47:59,839
data there wasn't a single satellite

1310
00:48:04,470 --> 00:48:02,559
that measured ozone for 40 years

1311
00:48:06,630 --> 00:48:04,480
uh this this is probably the product of

1312
00:48:08,630 --> 00:48:06,640
five different satellites and one of the

1313
00:48:11,589 --> 00:48:08,640
important things that nasa does

1314
00:48:13,349 --> 00:48:11,599
particularly in times of climate change

1315
00:48:17,270 --> 00:48:13,359
is try to put the satellite data sets

1316
00:48:19,670 --> 00:48:17,280
together so you have a continuous

1317
00:48:21,910 --> 00:48:19,680
stream of data whether it's oceans

1318
00:48:23,670 --> 00:48:21,920
whether it's sea levels or antarctic ice

1319
00:48:25,670 --> 00:48:23,680
one of the things that we're really

1320
00:48:27,109 --> 00:48:25,680
concentrating on doing is making sure

1321
00:48:29,190 --> 00:48:27,119
the data are accurate and they're

1322
00:48:30,470 --> 00:48:29,200
accurate over time and we have to deal

1323
00:48:33,030 --> 00:48:30,480
with the fact that these aren't measured

1324
00:48:35,190 --> 00:48:33,040
by the same satellites says

1325
00:48:36,870 --> 00:48:35,200
five satellites over 40 years there was

1326
00:48:38,790 --> 00:48:36,880
a big effort to put this data set

1327
00:48:41,109 --> 00:48:38,800
together to show that how things are

1328
00:48:43,109 --> 00:48:41,119
actually changing at a very low level

1329
00:48:44,710 --> 00:48:43,119
so nasa has been very successful in

1330
00:48:46,630 --> 00:48:44,720
doing that we have partnerships with

1331
00:48:48,710 --> 00:48:46,640
noaa the national oceanographic and

1332
00:48:50,150 --> 00:48:48,720
atmospheric administration are working

1333
00:48:51,990 --> 00:48:50,160
together to collect these data in a

1334
00:48:53,670 --> 00:48:52,000
continuous basis

1335
00:48:55,430 --> 00:48:53,680
so in addition not only is this

1336
00:48:57,589 --> 00:48:55,440
happening united states because of ozone

1337
00:48:59,430 --> 00:48:57,599
has been such a concern globally

1338
00:49:02,710 --> 00:48:59,440
there are other international space

1339
00:49:04,950 --> 00:49:02,720
agencies in europe and japan and even

1340
00:49:06,309 --> 00:49:04,960
the chinese have recently recently

1341
00:49:09,270 --> 00:49:06,319
launched with one of their wettest

1342
00:49:12,390 --> 00:49:09,280
weather satellites that also carry

1343
00:49:13,190 --> 00:49:12,400
instruments to measure ozone change

1344
00:49:15,510 --> 00:49:13,200
so

1345
00:49:17,670 --> 00:49:15,520
i think that tells you what i mean here

1346
00:49:19,990 --> 00:49:17,680
by the whole story about ozone and why

1347
00:49:21,190 --> 00:49:20,000
we have an ozone hole hey thanks ernie

1348
00:49:22,630 --> 00:49:21,200
that's great

1349
00:49:30,150 --> 00:49:22,640
we got a couple of questions right here

1350
00:49:35,270 --> 00:49:33,430
when did uh when did the reverse in uh

1351
00:49:37,910 --> 00:49:35,280
policy and that that international

1352
00:49:40,470 --> 00:49:37,920
response to the ozone problem occur and

1353
00:49:44,630 --> 00:49:40,480
how fast did it occur

1354
00:49:46,470 --> 00:49:44,640
um and what how how fast were we able to

1355
00:49:47,589 --> 00:49:46,480
measure that it's working

1356
00:49:49,589 --> 00:49:47,599
okay you're talking although it's called

1357
00:49:51,910 --> 00:49:49,599
a montreal protocol

1358
00:49:52,950 --> 00:49:51,920
montreal protocol was when when the

1359
00:49:54,390 --> 00:49:52,960
chemist

1360
00:49:55,270 --> 00:49:54,400
convinced the world scientists in the

1361
00:49:57,670 --> 00:49:55,280
community that indeed

1362
00:49:59,589 --> 00:49:57,680
chlorofluorocarbons these can't these

1363
00:50:02,069 --> 00:49:59,599
gases in these that we're using as a

1364
00:50:03,430 --> 00:50:02,079
refrigerant in the air

1365
00:50:05,030 --> 00:50:03,440
that happened in about in the night

1366
00:50:07,990 --> 00:50:05,040
started in 19

1367
00:50:09,750 --> 00:50:08,000
late 1970s 1980 but the reason i can't

1368
00:50:11,910 --> 00:50:09,760
be specific is because there were

1369
00:50:13,829 --> 00:50:11,920
changes to the protocol it evolved there

1370
00:50:15,750 --> 00:50:13,839
were amendments to the protocol when the

1371
00:50:17,349 --> 00:50:15,760
antarctic ozone hole appeared that was

1372
00:50:18,230 --> 00:50:17,359
the final

1373
00:50:20,710 --> 00:50:18,240
blow

1374
00:50:23,109 --> 00:50:20,720
or the final

1375
00:50:25,349 --> 00:50:23,119
information that happened in about 19

1376
00:50:27,750 --> 00:50:25,359
1984 when the ozone hole was definitely

1377
00:50:28,549 --> 00:50:27,760
there it happened year after year

1378
00:50:30,069 --> 00:50:28,559
and

1379
00:50:32,230 --> 00:50:30,079
after that there was regulation

1380
00:50:34,549 --> 00:50:32,240
throughout the world and ways of dealing

1381
00:50:35,910 --> 00:50:34,559
with emerging countries who couldn't

1382
00:50:37,510 --> 00:50:35,920
immediately dispose of their

1383
00:50:39,430 --> 00:50:37,520
refrigerators to come up with a

1384
00:50:41,990 --> 00:50:39,440
substitute so it happened it was

1385
00:50:44,470 --> 00:50:42,000
uncovered in the 70s regulation was in

1386
00:50:45,990 --> 00:50:44,480
the 1908 early 1980s hey we got a

1387
00:50:46,710 --> 00:50:46,000
question from online

1388
00:50:49,270 --> 00:50:46,720
yeah

1389
00:50:51,589 --> 00:50:49,280
quick question uh what altitude is ozone

1390
00:50:54,549 --> 00:50:51,599
measured what like what altitude is the

1391
00:50:56,150 --> 00:50:54,559
ozone layer at okay uh it'll take me a

1392
00:50:57,910 --> 00:50:56,160
minute to go ahead

1393
00:50:58,950 --> 00:50:57,920
there's there's two kinds of ozone

1394
00:51:02,790 --> 00:50:58,960
people call

1395
00:51:05,510 --> 00:51:02,800
ozone good ozone and bad ozone

1396
00:51:08,870 --> 00:51:05,520
the good ozone is in the stratosphere

1397
00:51:10,309 --> 00:51:08,880
about 20 miles up 40 30 40 kilometers up

1398
00:51:12,790 --> 00:51:10,319
and that's what's shielding the earth

1399
00:51:13,990 --> 00:51:12,800
from ultraviolet radiation to reaching

1400
00:51:16,309 --> 00:51:14,000
the surface of the earth this is the

1401
00:51:17,670 --> 00:51:16,319
concern that people have would affect

1402
00:51:19,670 --> 00:51:17,680
bio

1403
00:51:22,069 --> 00:51:19,680
diversity of the planet when ultraviolet

1404
00:51:23,430 --> 00:51:22,079
radiation our bodies were designed any

1405
00:51:24,950 --> 00:51:23,440
living organism when the plant is

1406
00:51:26,790 --> 00:51:24,960
designed so it doesn't get this

1407
00:51:28,390 --> 00:51:26,800
ultraviolet radiation this ultraviolet

1408
00:51:31,750 --> 00:51:28,400
radiation gets on mars which is a

1409
00:51:35,030 --> 00:51:31,760
problem for anybody who wants to work

1410
00:51:37,510 --> 00:51:35,040
because there's no ozone on mars

1411
00:51:38,870 --> 00:51:37,520
so there's good ozone that protects life

1412
00:51:40,790 --> 00:51:38,880
on this planet and that's why they're

1413
00:51:43,589 --> 00:51:40,800
concerned about depleting ozone life on

1414
00:51:44,870 --> 00:51:43,599
this planet and then there's bad ozone

1415
00:51:47,190 --> 00:51:44,880
it's the same ozone but it's in the

1416
00:51:50,150 --> 00:51:47,200
lower atmosphere in the near the air the

1417
00:51:51,670 --> 00:51:50,160
air we breathe and that's pollution

1418
00:51:53,990 --> 00:51:51,680
it's uh and it's one of the factors

1419
00:51:55,589 --> 00:51:54,000
everybody here air quality index it's

1420
00:51:57,990 --> 00:51:55,599
really how much zone is in the air

1421
00:52:00,230 --> 00:51:58,000
that's bad ozone it's a strong oxidant

1422
00:52:02,309 --> 00:52:00,240
and it can affect your lungs it's a

1423
00:52:04,470 --> 00:52:02,319
factor in there's asthma

1424
00:52:06,549 --> 00:52:04,480
asthma severity so there's good ozone

1425
00:52:08,630 --> 00:52:06,559
protecting the life on on the planet by

1426
00:52:10,630 --> 00:52:08,640
swinging out ultraviolet as bad ozone at

1427
00:52:11,910 --> 00:52:10,640
the ground level caused by pollution all

1428
00:52:13,750 --> 00:52:11,920
right hey there was a question from

1429
00:52:15,829 --> 00:52:13,760
somebody who left how important is a

1430
00:52:17,589 --> 00:52:15,839
subject like mathematics you know to

1431
00:52:18,710 --> 00:52:17,599
work like this you know i think a lot of

1432
00:52:19,990 --> 00:52:18,720
times people see something like earth

1433
00:52:21,589 --> 00:52:20,000
science it sounds exciting get to go

1434
00:52:23,589 --> 00:52:21,599
outside but you got these basic subjects

1435
00:52:25,510 --> 00:52:23,599
like math and chemistry and physics how

1436
00:52:26,470 --> 00:52:25,520
do they play into something like this

1437
00:52:28,710 --> 00:52:26,480
well

1438
00:52:30,069 --> 00:52:28,720
math is sort of the framework for doing

1439
00:52:32,390 --> 00:52:30,079
anything you want anything you want to

1440
00:52:34,069 --> 00:52:32,400
do in science requires you able to

1441
00:52:36,470 --> 00:52:34,079
formulate what you're doing

1442
00:52:38,390 --> 00:52:36,480
i get on a piece of paper on a computer

1443
00:52:40,549 --> 00:52:38,400
nearly everything you do if you have a

1444
00:52:42,790 --> 00:52:40,559
concept of how something how ozone

1445
00:52:44,790 --> 00:52:42,800
depletes the atmosphere you have to have

1446
00:52:47,349 --> 00:52:44,800
a model first i mean the scientific

1447
00:52:49,109 --> 00:52:47,359
method is proposing a model

1448
00:52:50,790 --> 00:52:49,119
testing the parameters doing some

1449
00:52:52,470 --> 00:52:50,800
measurements and then

1450
00:52:54,470 --> 00:52:52,480
see if it agrees with the theory all

1451
00:52:56,150 --> 00:52:54,480
this theoretical basis for the models in

1452
00:52:58,069 --> 00:52:56,160
doing your science is based on

1453
00:53:01,190 --> 00:52:58,079
mathematical techniques

1454
00:53:03,750 --> 00:53:01,200
so it's the foundation for doing science

1455
00:53:05,750 --> 00:53:03,760
for doing not science doing engineering

1456
00:53:07,430 --> 00:53:05,760
mathematics is the foundation for you

1457
00:53:09,990 --> 00:53:07,440
can look anywhere you want to around

1458
00:53:12,390 --> 00:53:10,000
here mathematics putting up this tent

1459
00:53:14,870 --> 00:53:12,400
required mathematical expressions using

1460
00:53:15,990 --> 00:53:14,880
this microphone required mathematics

1461
00:53:16,950 --> 00:53:16,000
hey any other questions from the

1462
00:53:18,470 --> 00:53:16,960
audience

1463
00:53:20,390 --> 00:53:18,480
all right hey thank you very much ernie

1464
00:53:23,430 --> 00:53:20,400
that was great take that

1465
00:53:28,309 --> 00:53:24,710
before we

1466
00:53:30,870 --> 00:53:28,319
you know take us back for a minute the

1467
00:53:31,990 --> 00:53:30,880
first earth day was back in 1970 and

1468
00:53:33,750 --> 00:53:32,000
that was right you know during the

1469
00:53:35,270 --> 00:53:33,760
apollo program we were first getting our

1470
00:53:37,670 --> 00:53:35,280
pictures back of the earth as this big

1471
00:53:39,430 --> 00:53:37,680
blue marble up in space but we really

1472
00:53:41,430 --> 00:53:39,440
barely had satellites orbiting the earth

1473
00:53:44,069 --> 00:53:41,440
that time and now we're finally at this

1474
00:53:45,750 --> 00:53:44,079
point where we've got 15 satellites in

1475
00:53:47,829 --> 00:53:45,760
orbit right now telling us all these

1476
00:53:49,270 --> 00:53:47,839
fascinating things and probably the most

1477
00:53:50,710 --> 00:53:49,280
important thing we've learned from all

1478
00:53:52,710 --> 00:53:50,720
this work is that the earth is this

1479
00:53:54,790 --> 00:53:52,720
great big interconnected systems and

1480
00:53:56,390 --> 00:53:54,800
that when we make a change in one place

1481
00:53:57,910 --> 00:53:56,400
it translates all the way across the

1482
00:53:59,910 --> 00:53:57,920
world and the other thing too is as we

1483
00:54:01,270 --> 00:53:59,920
started out with the first talk we are

1484
00:54:02,950 --> 00:54:01,280
actually affecting things and we're

1485
00:54:05,109 --> 00:54:02,960
affecting things so much that we can see

1486
00:54:09,190 --> 00:54:05,119
it in wrapping up does anybody have any

1487
00:54:12,870 --> 00:54:10,790
hey we've got one last thing from steve

1488
00:54:35,390 --> 00:54:12,880
cole take it away

1489
00:54:35,400 --> 00:54:40,950
www.nasa.gov slash

1490
00:54:40,960 --> 00:54:45,270
thank you all for coming